At what point in history did religious practices become perceived as religious vs cultural?

From my understanding, for a majority of Jewish history, people kept Shabbat, kept kosher, wore kippahs/head coverings, etc. At what point in history did these practices no longer become perceived as basic Jewish culture, e.g things Jews just did, and become perceived as religious practices amongst Jews. Was it the enlightenment? Industrial Revolution? Something else? I am also aware this doesn’t necessarily apply in Israel and I am also aware the events I mentioned did not happen in the Middle East, so I’m just curious when that shift occurred historically